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John II Megas Komnenos ((ギリシア語:Ιωάννης Β΄ Μέγας Κομνηνός), ''Iōannēs II Megas Komnēnos'') (c. 1262 – August 16, 1297) was Emperor of Trebizond from 1280 to 1297. He was the youngest son of Emperor Manuel I and his third wife, Irene Syrikaina, a Trapezuntine noblewoman. John succeeded to the throne after his full-brother George was betrayed by his archons on the mountain of Taurezion. It was during his reign that the style of the rulers of Trebizond changed; until then, they claimed the traditional title of the Byzantine emperors, "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans", but from John II on they changed it to "Emperor and Autocrat of all the East, the Iberians, and the Transmarine Provinces", although Iberia had been lost in the reign of Andronikos I Gidos.〔William Miller, ''Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204-1461'', 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 29〕 John is the first ruler of Trebizond for whom we know more than a few incidents and hints; there is enough information to compose a connected narrative of the first part of his reign. The chronicle of Michael Panaretos, which is often terse and even cryptic, is relatively full for John's reign, and external sources add further details to Panaretos' account. Emperor John II faced many challenges to his rule, which partly explains his marriage to the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. This insecurity may explain the sole instance where two Emperors of Trebizond appear on the coins of this polity: John and his oldest son, Alexios.〔Otto Retowski, Die ''Muenzen der Komnenen von Trapezunt'', 1911 (Braunschweig: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1974), pp. 129-131〕 By associating himself with his son Alexios on these coins, John may be advertising his choice for his successor. ==Life== John was born ca. 1262/3, the son of Manuel I (reigned 1238–1263) and his wife, Irene Syrikaina. John's reign was marked from the beginning with instability. He came to the throne in June 1280,〔 following the betrayal and death of his brother George (r. 1266–1280) by his own officials.〔Panaretos, ''Chronicle'', 4; translated in A. Bryer, "The Fate of George Komnenos, Ruler of Trebizond (1266–1280)," ''Byzantinische Zeitschrift'', 66 (1973), p. 333〕 His first recorded act as Emperor was in 1281, when he received an embassy from Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259–1282) consisting of George Acropolites and a prominent churchman by the name of Xiphilinos; the goal of this mission was to convince John to discontinue using the title of "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans". Michael had gained the throne of the Empire of Nicaea through a coup against the youthful heir John IV Laskaris some 20 years before, then gained possession of Constantinople itself from the Latin Empire, and based on this achievement Michael believed that only he had the right to this title. This was not the only reason the Byzantine emperor regarded John as a threat: some opponents of Michael's acceptance of union with the Western Church saw John as a viable Orthodox candidate for the imperial throne. Michael considered high-ranking members of the Byzantine aristocracy who refused to embrace the union as threats to his reign, and they were imprisoned, flogged, blinded, or murdered.〔Donald M. Nicol, ''The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453'', second edition (Cambridge: University Press, 1993), pp. 75, 78〕 Michael had repeatedly petitioned John's predecessors to discontinue using the title of the traditional imperial title. When Acropolites and Xiphilinos presented the invitation of his daughter's hand in return for ceding his ancestral title, John refused this offer.〔George Finlay, ''The History of Greece and the Empire of Trebizond, (1204-1461)'' (Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1851), p. 400; Miller, ''Trebizond'', pp. 28f. Although both Finlay and William Miller both recount the exchange of embassies, Finlay's account provides more details.〕 John replied that he was following the precedent set by his predecessors and that the nobility of Trebizond would not allow him to renounce the traditional title. Once Akropolites left Trebizond, John was faced with a rebellion led by one Papadopoulos, which according to Finlay gained control of the citadel and made John their prisoner. Finlay states that while it is not "possible to establish the complicity of the Byzantine agents in this business", he considers that they likely had a hand in the matter. As Finlay points out, regardless of Michael's possible machinations, "there cannot be a doubt that it (revolt ) was the cause of producing a great change in the views of the emperor of Trebizond and his court".〔Finlay, ''History of Greece'', p. 401〕 Following the suppression of Papadopoulos' revolt, a second embassy from Michael arrived at Trebizond, composed of Demetrios Iatropoulos, ''logothetes ton oikeiakon'', and a high ecclesiastic, who offered the bargain once again.〔 This time John agreed to the marriage, but explained it was impossible for him to lay aside the imperial title, which had been borne by his ancestors. "The title of ''Basileus'', the purple boots, the robes embroidered with eagles, and the prostrations of the powerful chiefs of the aristocracy, were dear to the pride of the citizens of Trebizond, and attached them to the person of the emperors."〔 After pledges of sincerity from Michael were made, John agreed to the marriage. However, when he reached Constantinople, his hosts induced him, before he entered the city, to lay aside his purple boots and imperial robes out of respect for Michael Palaiologos—despite the fact his future father-in-law was absent campaigning against the Turks.〔Finlay, ''History of Greece'', p. 402; Miller, ''Trebizond'', p. 29〕 In exchange for this concession, Michael awarded John with the title of Despot.〔 Michael died before the wedding took place. While John was away at Constantinople getting married, David VI Narin, the Georgian King of Imereti, besieged the capital. Though King David failed to take the city, the Georgians occupied several provinces.〔Miller, ''Trebizond'', p. 30〕 John left for Trebizond on 25 April 1282 with his new wife, Eudokia Palaiologina. Not long after John arrived home, he was confronted by two new threats to his reign. The first was from his half-brother George, who returned to Trebizond and made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the throne. Next was his half-sister Theodora, daughter of Manuel I by his Georgian wife, Rusudan, who apparently deposed him in 1284 to rule for a short time before making a "sudden flight" (in Michael Panaretos' words) from Trebizond. John was restored to the throne no later than 1285.〔Panaretos, ''Chronicle'', ch. 5; translated by Bryer, "The fate of George Komnenos," p. 333f〕 Panaretos, our primary source for his reign, offers us few details about the remainder of his reign. His account of John's reign—which amounts to three paragraphs—concludes with the statement that it was "during his reign the Turks seized Chalybia and launched a great invasion, so that all those places became uninhabited."〔 John died at Limnia in 1297. John Lazaropoulos, in his ''Logos'', notes that when his son Alexios succeeded him, the western part of his realm was under heavy pressure from "the godless Agarenes" and only Kerasous, part of Chalybia, Oinaion, and "the thirteen towns or forts of Limnia" remained to the Empire; John may have been leading his forces against the enemy when he died.〔John Lazaropoulos, ''Logos'', ll. 256-265; translated by Jan Olof Rosenqvist, ''The Hagiographic Dossier of St Eugenios of Trebizond in Codex Athous Dionysiou 154'' (Uppsala: University Press, 1996), p. 219〕 His body was transported to his capital and interred in the Panagia Chrysokephalos Church ("Golden-headed" Virgin). Portraits of John and his wife Eudokia could be seen in the church of St. Gregory of Nyssa, prior to its reconstruction in 1863. These portraits were notable that his robes were adorned with the single-headed eagle "the special emblem of the Comneni of Trebizond", while her robes bore the double-headed eagle of Byzantium.〔Miller, ''Trebizond'', pp. 32f〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John II of Trebizond」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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